WWI


 * Three Emperor’s League:**


 * Black Hand** - A Serbian nationalist group that assassinated Archduke Ferdinand.


 * Triple Entente: the alliance between russia, Britain and france, preempted by Russia's war with japan and revolution.**


 * Trench warfare** - war fought behind rows of trenches, mines and barbed wire. There were staggering death rates, the conditions were terrible and barely any territorial gains were made.


 * Lusitania** - This was the ship many people thought caused the USA to enter WWI but they entered the war 2 years after it was torpedoed by a German U-Boat


 * Total war** - distinctions between soldiers on battlefield and civilians at home are indistinguishable; government controls all aspects of life to help support the war effort; the entire country is involved. Governments used in order to invoke nationalism and pro-war feelings.


 * War Raw Materials Board** -


 * League of Nations** - a peace keeping committee of all the great powers of the world; part of Wilson's Fourteen points; goal was to avoid future wars, wasn't very successful because it didn't receive enough backing from different nations.


 * Petrograd Soviet: A huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905.**


 * Army Order No. 1:** This was a huge failure by the revolutionists in Russia. The government decided to let the army to work in small self governing groups that voted on what to do. This totally destroyed the army and got many of the higher ranking officials executed.


 * Bolsheviks** - the majority group of Lenin's - socialist party was split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks; they were successful in establishing a dictatorial socialist regime


 * Constituent Assembly:**


 * War communism: The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work.**


 * Cheka: the secret police put in place by the Russian Bolsheviks or "reds" to impose terror in order to get rid of any revolutionary thought. this eliminated opposition on the inside and helped allow the Reds defeat the Whites.**


 * Treaty of Versailles: The peace settlement in 1919 that ended the war between Germany and the Allied powers. It laid out the terms of the postwar settlement.**


 * Balfour Declaration: A 1917 British statement that declared British support of a National Home for the Jewish people in Palestine.**


 * Nicholas II** - the Tsar that led Russia poorly through WWI. He distrusted the representative Duma, and then proceeded to dismiss it. Prior to that he made the choice to go to the war front and rally is soldiers (which failed) and left his wife, the Tsarina Alexandra, in charge. After violent street demonstrations in Petrograd in 1917 occured and the army refused to follow Nicholas II orders, the Duma declared a provisional government, and he abdicated three days later.


 * Revolution of 1905:** Waves of social unrest which spread through Russia, including massive worker strikes and military mutinies. This lead Nicolas II to issue the October Manifesto.


 * October Manifesto:** Issued by Nicolas II, it granted civil liberties to all, including freedom of press, speech, and religion. While it did increase the power of the Duma slightly, he still retained the absolute power to veto the Duma's laws.


 * Vladimir Lenin:** Mastermind behind the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, Lenin was inspired by Marx's ideals on communism. By updating Marx's ideals for modern Russia, Lenin had a solid basis for the new government.


 * Mensheviks** - The second group that Lenin had stated the Russian Marxist were split into. The first being Bolsheviks and meaning "majority group" The Mensheviks (minority group) were the opposite, and Lenin's opponents.


 * Leon Trotsky:** supporter of Lenin, a great orator, and a radical Marxist. Trotsky was a greatly influential figure in the Bolsheviks seizure of power. The partnership of Lenin and Trotsky was one of the key reasons the Bolsheviks came to power, they provided a determined and superior leadership which the tsar and provision government lacked.


 * February Revolution** - unplanned uprisings and violent demonstrations in march in Petrograd Russia; resulted in abdication of the tsar and established a provisional government - tsar had ordered army to fight against revolt and they refused forcing tsar to give in


 * Rasputin: (** http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvDMlk3kSYg ) A mystic and unpopular lover of Tsarina Alexandra, he convinced the Tsarina to dismiss political advisors, leading to mass discontent with the Russian leadership. After being poisined, beaten, shot, and drowned, Rasputin was killed in December of 1916.


 * Provisional Government:** The result of the February Revolution, and was eagerly accepted by the country. It granted many liberal reforms such as basic freedoms and rights. Constantly warred with the Petrograd Soviet, and it soon collapsed and gave way to Lenin and the Bolsheviks.


 * April Theses** - Lenin's ideals when he goes back into russia; rejecting the provisional government; all land to the peasants; all power to the soviets; stop war now; bread, land, and peace


 * October Revolution:**


 * Red Army: The army of the soviets. They supported Lenin's revolution and fought the more moderate whites out of Russia**


 * Reds: Supported the Bulshaviks, strategically controlled central Russia and cities of Moscow and Petrograd. They also had significantly more organized leadership compared to the Whites, which lead to their eventual victory.**


 * Whites: Opposed the Bulshaviks, lacked distinct leadership, and attacked in small, individual groups.**