Industrial+Revolution

** Industrial Revolution **

 * spinning jenny - ** a simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765


 * water frame - ** a spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; replaced manual power for spinning; was larger and required a factory

** body linen- ** Underwear originally worn only by the wealthy, now is being worn by the common person because of cheaper cotton. Improved the hygiene level of the general public.

 * Steam Engine- ** Savory and Newcomen created the early steam engines, but they were highly inefficient. They were however very successful in the innovation of coal into energy.


 * Coke- ** Coal that is heated up, it was a cheaper alternative to charcoal. It proved to be an easier material to use for the conversion of iron ore to iron and then to steel.


 * Rocket- ** Built by Stephenson, it was steampowered running from Liverpool to Manchester which was the first important railroad, it went 16 mph.

** Crystal **** Palace- ** the crystal palace was a structure made completely out of glass and iron, it was the first of it's kind. It was built to be the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851. A structure totally out of glass and iron was unheard of for it's time which is why it was so remarkable to the people. It was destroyed in a fire almost one hundred years after it was constructed.


 * Iron Law of Wages- ** Said by Ricardo, wages should remain low, people can choose to work for this amount or 0 because otherwise we can find someone else who will work for it, the wage should just be enough to get by, not enough to rise up only enough to basically survive.

**economic nationalism**- policies aimed at protecting and developing a country's economy


 * tariff protection- ** a governments way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, this helps to promote industrialization in own country because people will buy good from own country


 * class-consciousness ** - an individual's sense of class differentiation; where one felt like they belonged and shared similar ideas and beliefs of the others in the group


 * Luddites - a group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in Northern England in 1812. The smashed the machines that they felt were putting them out of business. **


 * Factory Act of 1833 ** - Limited the number of hours kids could work and required children under 9 years old to attend factory-run elementary schools. This led to the sharp decline of child employment, it broke the pattern of family units working together and helped standardize shifts for all workers.


 * Mines Act of 1842 ** - English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.


 * Combination Acts - ** Passed in 1799 this Act outlawed unions and strikes to create a free market economy but was not followed and eventualy repealed in 1824


 * Grand National Consolidated Trades Union - ** Robert Owen's failure at trying to create one large union for all workers and trades


 * James Watt - ** He was from scotland, he increased the efficiency of the steam engine, he also started to produce them which enabled the textile industry to expand rapidly.

**Zollverein-** Brought up in Friedrich List's book National System of Political Economy. A union of German states for trading, so the small German states would have a chance at industrialization. This union could create tariffs and monitor trading just as a big country would, but it was for the divided German States.


 * Friedrich Engels ** - German intellectual who wrote //The Condition of the Working Class//. He believed industrial capitalism was very bad, and had many socialistic ideas. He quotes, "I charge the English middle class with mass murder, wholesale robbery, and all the other crimes on the calendar." Also very good friends with Karl Marx.