Ideologies+and+Upheavals








 * Congress of Vienna:** Meeting of the quadruple alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain) to create a peace settlement. They really wanted to create permanent peace in Europe.


 * liberalism**: The principal ideas were equality and liberty. They demanded a representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms (freedom of press, speech, assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest).


 * laissez faire**: A doctrine of economic liberalism that believed in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.


 * nationalism**: The idea that each people had its own genius and its own specific unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history. This often led to the desire for an independent political state. Nationalism started durring the French Revolution.


 * socialism**: A movement toward cooperation and community, key ideals included economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.


 * Romanticism**: 1790-1840 revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment; characterized by emotional exuberance, unrestrained imaginations and spontaneity in art and personal life


 * Sturm und Drang**:


 * Corn Laws, 1815**- British laws that prohibited the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to a certain high level. This benefited the aristocracy and made food prices high for working people.


 * Great Famines**- The result of four years of potato crop failure in Ireland. It was devastating because they had grown very dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.


 * Holy Alliance**- Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the Holy Alliance to check revolutionary activity, it really became a symbol of revolutionary movements. They tried to keep conservatism


 * Carlsbad Decrees, 1818** - Created to uphold Metternich's conservatism, he punished people who had radical ideas or were thought to be spies.


 * parasites** - court, aristocracy lawyers, clergy; in order for progress to be made according to Saint Simon the parasites must give way to the doers


 * doers** - scientists, engineers, industrialists; Saint Simon believed that they should plan the economy


 * bourgeoisie -** middle class minority who owned production (wealthy)


 * proletariat** - industrial working class, who were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie according to Marx.


 * Battle of Peterloo** - A protest that took place at Saint Peters fields in Manchester. The protest was in reaction to the revision of the corn laws, and it was broken up by armed cavalry in a massacare.


 * dual revolution** - Economic and political changed began to fuse together and reinforce eachother


 * conservatism** - Political policy of maintaining the "status quo". This was enforced by Metternich in the first half of the 19th century, in order to repress any sort of liberal reforms or movements. This policy was favorable to large, multi-ethnic empires because it guaranteed that individual countries that gain feelings of nationalism, will not break away or be a threat to the empire. A good example is the Austrian empire, where conservatism was enforced to bring the dual revolution to a halt.


 * Klemens von Metternich**- Born into the middle ranking nobility in the Rhineland. The Austrian foreign minister from 1809 and 1848, who had a very pessimistic view of human behavior believing that humans were prone to error, therefore could not govern themselves. Metternich enforced a policy of conservatism which opted for a strong government, and traditional privileged for the aristocracy.


 * German Confederation** (Bund)-


 * Concert of Europe Quadruple Alliance** -


 * Congress System** - Countries agreed to meet every few years to talk out problems that they were facing, it proved to be very effective


 * Tories-**


 * Decembrist Uprising** -

“**iron law of wages**”-


 * John Stuart Mill, On Liberty** (1859) -


 * Greek Revolution Revolutions of** 1830 -


 * Louis Philippe**- took the throne from his cousin accepted the Charter the revolutionaries proposed and the current flag (Red Blue White) but the situation in France remained the same and and only 70,000 more people gained the right to vote


 * “Bourgeoisie King”** -


 * Guiseppe Mazzini**-


 * Whigs**-


 * Reform Bill of 1832** - Major British bill, pushed through parliament by popular support. This bill increased the number of eligible voters by 50% by including newer, more industrialized areas. This bill also allowed the House of Commons to become the important legislative body.


 * Factory Act of 1833**- Passed by British Parliament, it was a law that drastically reduced child labor in England by reducing the number of hours a child over 9 could work to 8 hours. The law also required factories to send children under 9 to elementary schools built by the factories. This law broke the pattern of families working together.


 * Mines Act, 1842**- Inspired by investigations into the British mining system, the Mines Act prohibited women, girls, and boys under the age of 10 from working in mines. Some women disliked the law, as they received better pay than other jobs they could have taken.


 * Chartists** - British group who sought for universal male suffrage, or voting for all men, regardless of wealth or property ownership. Their hugely popular petitions were refused by Parliament three times in the 1840's before they began to lose support.


 * Anti-Corn Law League**-


 * Revolutions of 1848:** -


 * Second French Republic** -

“**June Days” Revolution**-


 * Frederick William IV** -


 * Immanuel Kant** -


 * William Wordsworth** -


 * Lord Byron**-


 * Grimm’s Fairytales** -


 * Victor Hugo** -


 * Ludwig van Beethoven**-


 * Peter Tchaikovsky** -


 * Henry de Saint-Simon** - A socialist thinker that was very optimistic about the industrial revolution. Also stated that the key to progress was proper social organization that required the traditional leaders of the government, or the "parasites" (aristocracy, lawyers, and churchmen) to give way the "doers" (Scientists, Engineers, and industrialists). Also stressed improving the lives of the poor.


 * Louis Blanc**- focused on practical improvements and urged workers to agitate for voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully also wrote the "Organization of Work"


 * Pierre Joseph Proudhon** -


 * Karl Marx**-


 * Friedrich Engels** -