Reformation

Please insert any relevant __#|information__, pictures, links, etc. that you find dealing with the Reformation

Terms: ID the following terms. Include any and all information that you feel is relevant to the term. If possible identify any other IDs your term is related to.


 * Thomas More, Utopia** - Utopia describes a community were everything is perfect and there are no difficulties. Most readers interpret this piece as a satire on the social structure during this time period. The title "Utopia" became almost synonymous to perfect world because of More's work, when it originally meant "nowhere".


 * Francois Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel** -


 * Michel De Montaigne, the essay** - Montaigne first of all created a new genre of writing, the essay. He used the vernacular instead of Latin so ordinary people could read his essays. He piloted Skepticism (doubt that a total certainty or definitive knowledge is ever attainable), and Cultural Relativism (the idea that although a culture may be different, it might not be inferior, just solely different. In other words he questioned European superiority.


 * William Shakespeare** - an English poet and dramatist that was considered one of the __#|greatest writers__ of the English language. His works corresponded with many problems during his time. He dressed multiple issues such as social and economic problems that are disguised by his plots. He is credited with taking a stand against new world conquest in his play //The Tempest.//


 * Flemish Style** - is characterized as the use of oil paints and depicting surreal events.


 * __#|Jan van Eyck__** - A Flemish painter that was active in Bruges. He had much influence over art and new artistic ideals. He was also slightly involved in government when he was the diplomat for the painters guild. His debate against Luther was significant as Luther questions the pope and his council, it also signifies the start of Luther's break away from the Catholic Church.


 * Borsh** -


 * Fugger Family** - Family of wealth bankers and merchants. They gained status through wealth and dominance. They were allies with the Habsburgs and both benefited from this


 * Simony** - is the act of paying for sacraments and consequently for holy offices or for positions in the hierarchy of the church.


 * Pluralism** - the practice of holding more that on church office at one time while receiving the income for each. This was one of the three problems associated with anticlericalism (opposition to the clergy).


 * Nepotism** - Is defined as favoritism granted towards relatives regardless of merit.


 * Absenteeism** - Practice of some clergy members to officially hold a position and be paid for it, but to pass the actual work onto someone else far unqualified for the position while they are absent. This practice strengthened the public's distrust with the Catholic Church.


 * Sale of indulgences** - a way that the Catholic church was __#|making money__ by telling people that they could erase their sins by buying indulgences. This was one of the big things that protestants wanted to get rid of. Johann Tetzel advertised these sales with his famous slogan "As soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory spring" and it brought major success.


 * Clerical ignorance** - many of the church officials were illiterate and not __#|educated__ well, at this time some of the commoners were starting to become more literate and this posed a major problem, the priests were mumbling the Latin words of the Mass from memory and not understanding the meaning


 * Martin Luther** - a key member of the reformation in Germany. He became a monk after surviving a horrible storm where he made a "deal" with God to devote his life to the church if he lived. He disagreed with some of the Catholic church's beliefs, such as indulgences. He believed that salvation comes from faith, it's not something that can be bought from the church. He wrote the 95 Theses which talked about his views against indulgences. It was printed in Latin and German. Contrary to popular belief, he did not want to undermine the Catholic church and __#|start__ Protestantism, he really just wanted to reform a few aspects of it. He also believed in only three of the seven sacraments in Catholicism: baptism, eucharism and marriage.


 * On Christian Liberty** - With faith you will go to heaven, the body and spirit make up people,the peasants liked this because no one has to interpret the bible in a certain way, each person can interpret the bible differently.


 * 95 Thesis** - Although there have been claims that it was nailed to the door of the wittenberg castle by luther, this was proven to be a myth. In the document Luther spoke out against selling indulgences as well as the wealth of the pope. It was written in Latin first and then in German. His goal was to start a debate and get rid of the selling of indulgences. He wrote it originally because he was repulsed by the idea that people could pay for forgiveness when he as a devout monk wasn't doing enough.


 * On the Jews and Their Lies** - was a 65,000 word antisemitic treatise written by Martin Luther. It depicted radical action be taken against the Jews due to their different belief system. These actions include burning down synagogues, confiscation of literature, and the Jews be used as slave labor.
 * Against the Peasants**- Luther expresses his anger and disgust of the peasants revolt. He also denies any connection to their cause of the revolt. He was upset because they were using scripture for their own gain of power, which is not what he thought scripture was about. While condemning the peasants behavior Luther actually supported the peasants prior to this.


 * Marriage and Celibacy** - said marriage is ordained by god because of adam and eve, they also viewed marriage as a contract where each partner promised the other support, companionship, and sharing of mutual goods. Men were urged to treat wives kindly and considerably but also enforces their authority


 * Johann Tetzil** - He sold indulgences using many methods to convice people to buy them. The selling of indulgences led to Luthers 95 Theses.


 * Johann Eck** - was a German Scholastic Theologian and defender of Catholicism during the Protestant Reformation. It was he who argued that the beliefs of Martin Luther and Jan Hus were similar.


 * “priesthood of all believes”** - The belief that most protestant religions held that meant all believers in the religion should be able to read and interpret the bible in their own way, thus creating a priesthood of all believers.

Took place in April of 1521. .
 * Diet of Worms** - An assembly of the Holy Roman Empire which resulted in the Edict of Worms. The Edict declared Martin Luther a heretic, and forbade anyone from supporting his beliefs or aiding him in any way.
 * Confessions of Augsburg** - 1530. Part of Protestantism. Talks about how religious authority resides in scripture, how there isnt one way of living that makes anyone better than anyone else, faith alone saves you (not indulgences) and that the church is made up of all believers.
 * Peasants’ War** - German peasants, misunderstanding Luther's act of disobedience, attacked nobles. However, Luther told the monarchs to destroy the peasants, resulting in many deaths of peasants.


 * Hapsburg-Valois War**- A religous war fought between the Habsburgs in Austria and the Valoises in France. Lead to the signing of the Peace of Augsburg.


 * Peace of Augsburg 1555** - The peace of augsburg was created to bring peace into the holy empire doing so includes officially recognizing lutheranism. And gave local princes the ability to choose the religion of their states.


 * Anabaptists** - They believed that parents should not have their children baptized as babies, but that the children should grow up and choose to be baptized on their own choice. They "rebaptized" adults and were viewed as a radical group.


 * Mennonites** -in emulation of the earliest Christians, they practiced strong Church discipline.They descended from the Anabaptists, rejecting infant baptism and swearing of oaths.


 * Quakers** - very extreme examples of the reformation. They denied all of the Catholic Church's ideals, and instead followed the "Christ within."


 * Ulrich Zwingli** - Zwingli was a Swiss humanist priest and announced that he was going to preach in Erasmus's new testament, he was convinced that Christian life rested on the scriptures. Believed in transubstantiation


 * John Calvin** - Calvin believed that God had specifically selected him to reform the church. He did not ascribe free will to human beings because he believed that it would detract from the sovereignty of God. Calvin also believed in predestination.


 * Institutes of the Christian Religion** - outlines John Calvin's beliefs, absolute soverignty, Omnipotent God, no free will- God controls everything

//**Catechism**// - Calvinism; this was a Q & A prayer/service; helped people understand, comprehend and retain the ideals of Calvinism; kids were able to understand as well without just being dictated to, helped them to learn the ideals as well


 * Predestination** - the belief that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on will and purpose, not on their acts of merit or works. This was one of the ideals of Calvinism.


 * Geneva** - City that served as a model of a christian community for protestant reformers, specifically Calvinists. it was a theocracy (where the city is the church). Calvin's utopian society.


 * Michael Servetus**- Disliked by both catholics and protestants, he was executed by calvanists. He believed God's word is eternal and the Holy Spirit is current.


 * Protestant work ethic** - is a concept in theology, sociology, economics, and history which emphasize hard work, frugality, and prosperity as a display of a persons salvation.


 * John Knox** - He dominated the reform movement that led to the establishment of the state church, John also persuaded the Scottish parliament to end papal authority and rule by bishops. Presbyterian, copied Geneva model and ended papal authority, rule by bishops


 * Presbyterianism**- Church of Scotland; Calvinist in doctrine; emphasized preaching; simple and dignified services


 * Huguenots** - a name given to French Calvinists. They usually lived in major cities, such as Paris, Lyons, and Rouen.


 * Puritans** - these radicals wanted all Catholic elements in the Church of England eliminated.


 * English Reformation** - this was a result of political as well as religious reasons. Henry VIII turned away from Catholocism mainly because he was unhappy with his marriage and wanted a divorce, which is illegal in the Catholic church. So, he appointed himself head of the Church of England so he could do pretty much anything he wanted - put through a ton of Acts that basically gave him complete power over every aspect of the church. After him, England went back and forth between Catholic and Protestant, but ended up with Protestantism as the "public religion" under Queen Elizabeth.


 * Henry VIII** - King of England who split from the Catholic Church and created the Church of England, or the Anglican church. This diminished the influence of the Catholic church in Europe and was the beginning of years of religious conflict in England.


 * The Act in Restraint of Appeals** - (1533), First of Henry's Decrees to remove from the Catholic church; states that the King rules the church; Henry VII wants this so he can achieve a divorce and the pope cannot challenge this


 * The Act of Submission of the Clergy** - (1534) only the king can make church laws; crucial point that Henry is breaking completely from the Catholic church and the Pope


 * The Wives of Henry VIII-** There were six of them. Henry wanted to divorce the first of them, Catherine of Aragon, after she couldn't produce a son (but she did produce a daughter, Mary), but the Pope wouldn't allow it. The next obvious step for Henry was to split England from the Catholic church and create a church of his own in which he could divorce Catherine. Next was Anne Boleyn, whose daughter was Elizabeth I. Anne got beheaded, and then Jane Seymour, wife number 3, had a son, Edward. The other three didn't have any children.


 * Thomas Cranmer** -Edward VI's lead advisor. wrote the Common Book of Prayer which set the structure for church services and prayers of the Church of England, making sure they were all uniform with each other. Later became the archbisop of canterbury.


 * Church of England** - Also known as the Anglican church, it was created by Henry VIII so he could divorce Catherine of Aragon. It was more similar to Catholicism than most other Protestant religions of the time, the major differences being the abolishment of monasteries and the fact that Henry was the head of the church, and not the Pope. These changes initially greatly helped England's economy because of the land gained from the former monasteries.


 * Pilgrimage of Grace** - Uprising in England in 1536, peasants were angry over the dissolution of monasteries, they thought their spiritual needs would no longer be fulfilled.


 * Edward VI** - Henry VIII son, during his reign Protestant ideas became significant in England; He took throne at 10 and was sick and dies, Thomas Cranmer ran while he was unable to (he was archbishop); Institutes First Book of common Prayer which sets structure for all Angelican church services


 * Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary”** - Queen after Edward's death, she re-instituted Catholicism as the official religion of England, which caused unrest and conflict. She had a reputation for killing her opposition, hence the title "Bloody Mary."


 * Elizabeth I** - Queen after Mary's death, she re-instituted the Anglican church, but was more moderate than her father, Henry the VIII, or her sister, Mary Tudor, which meant that England was much more united under her rule. She ruled as a politique, and England was prosperous under her rule.


 * Politique** - Catholic and Protestant moderates who put politics before religion. they believed that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse. They usually favored accepting the Huguenots as an officially recognized group.


 * Elizabethan Settlement** - A set of two documents which declared England's independence from Rome, and defined the form of the English church, including the reinstatement of the Book of Common Prayer.


 * Mary Stuart, Queen of the Scots** - she was a potential heir to the English throne during the Elizabethan Age. She was a devout catholic and was therefore a threat to the religious stability of the Anglican Church under Elizabeth. There was plot to overthrow Elizabeth and reinstate catholicism as the national religion.


 * Angela Merici, Ursuline order of Nuns** - They attained prestige for women, Merici worked among the poor, sick, and uneducated. She created the first women's religious order which concentrated on educating young girls.


 * Catholic Counter Reformation** - a religious reform movement within the church in response to the Protestant reformation where Catholic ideals were changed, and clerical discipline and training were reinforced.


 * Pope Paul III** - He recognized the extreme corruption within the church, and in response called on the Council of Trent to reform the Catholic church.


 * Council of Trent** - The council was called by pope Paul III to reform the Catholic Church and to secure the reconciliation with the protestants. It laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the catholic Church and gave equal validity to the scriptures and to tradition as sources of religious truth and authority. The council reaffirmed the 7 sacraments and the traditional Catholic teaching on transubstantiation.


 * Jesuits** - (the Society of Jesus) played a powerful international role in strengthening Catholicism in Europe and spreading the faith around the world. Founded by Ignatius Loyola.


 * Ignatius Loyola** - Founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), he studied books about christ and the saints. After studying in Paris he created a group of people with similar interests to create the Jesuits.


 * Spanish and Italian Inquisitions** -