Age+of+Anxiety






 * Functionalism**: the principle that buildings should serve as well as possible for the purpose for which they were made. Beauty should be found in the practicality of straight lines and efficiency.


 * Stream –of-consciousness technique**: A literary technique (found in works by Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and others) that uses interior monologue, a characters thoughts and feelings as they occur in the story, to explore the human psych.


 * Dawes Plan**: war reparations agreement that reduced Germany's yearly payments, made payment dependent on economic prosperity and granted large US loans to promote recovery


 * Mein Kampf**: This was the book Hitler started to write in his jail cell about his struggles with the German government and what crimes they were committing against the people. He also shows his strong antisemitic and militaristic virtues through his experiences throughout life


 * Popular Front**: A short-lived New Deal that inspired alliance in France, led by Leon Blum, that encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reform.


 * Friedrich Nietzsche**: a german phiilosopher that rejected the general faith in progress and the rational human mind. he argued that the west had overemphasized rationality and stifled the authentic animal instincts that drive human activity and creativity.

French philosopher who said a religious experience is often more accesable to human comprehension than a scientific law or a math equation. Intuition.
 * Henri Bergson**:

Characterized Marxian socialism as an inspiring but unprovable religion rather than scientific truth. Rejected democracy.
 * Georges Sorel**-


 * syndicalism**:


 * Ludwig Wittgenstein**:


 * Logical empiricism**: The philosophical ideology that simply rejected the concerns of modern philosophy, like god and morality. Mainly started with Austrian philosopher Wittgenstein.


 * Existentialism**: a philosophy that stresses the meaninglessness of existence and the importance of the individual in searching for moral values in an uncertain world; Nietzsche and Soren Kierkegaard; godless world;


 * John-Paul Sartre**: "existance preceded essence" meaning that there are no god-given timeless truths outside or independent of individual existance.


 * George Orwell,** //**1984**://


 * “New Physics**”: Term used to describe the discoveries in the realm of Physics during the '20's, it highly contrasted with the former progressive physics that had the thought that everything must be based on hard facts and observation, and that physics was very certain and concrete in nature. The new physics suggested that physics was very unstable and uncertain and that one must rely heavily on assumptions and chance in order to understand it, this very much reflected the unstable nature of society during this post war time period.


 * Max Planck**: Showed through mathematics that light behaved as a wave, and also explained that subatomic energy was emitted in small quantities called quanta.


 * Albert Einstein, theory of relativity**: time and space are relative to the observer and that only the speed of light remains constant


 * Ernest Rutherford**: Showed that the Atom could be split, leading to the discoveries of new subatomic particles. This discovery was also a stepping stone to learning that neutrons could pass through atoms, creating a massive chain reaction and unthinkable amounts of energy. Discoveries such as this toppled the old accepted Newtonian physics, and fanned the flames of uncertainty in the public


 * Bauhaus movement, Walter Gropius**: Architectural leader who designed the Fgus shoe factory made entirely out of glass and iron. He created the Bauhaus which was a fine and applied arts interdisciplinary school which brought together many leading modern architects, designs, and theatrical innovators. He advocated for a merge between fine arts and applied arts.


 * Pablo Picasso, Guernica**: Painting using Picasso's famous cubist movement, it shows the horrors and emotions evoked through war as the painting depicts the bombing of the city Guernica during the Spanish civil war. The painting, used as a strong anti-war symbol, brought the world's attention to the Spanish civil war.


 * Dadaism**: artistic movement in the 1920-1930 that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior and delighted in outrageous conduct


 * Surrealism**: deeply influenced by Freudian psychology. portrayed iages of dreams and the unconscious. EX: Salvador Dali


 * Salvador Dali**:.


 * Igor Stravinsky-** Musician and writer that composed the ballet //The Rite of Spring//, which portrayed odd, dissonant rhythms and tones, along with strange acting such as reenactments of lovemaking and other shocking elements. The ballet was a good example of how modern music as well as art, was effected by the age of anxiety.


 * Weimar Republic**: The young German Republic after WWI.


 * John Maynard Keynes,** //**Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1919**: This// book, written by a British man, was very sympathetic towards the Germans, as the British believed that the harsh reparations placed on Germany were unfair and harmful not only to Germany, but to the whole world, as the reparations did not allow for Germany to participate in world trade as actively as they had before


 * Ruhr Crisis, 1923**: Conflict between France and Germany, that was due to France wanting to hold Germany to the terms presented in the Treaty of Versailles. France proceeded to occupy central Germany (Ruhr). Both Germany and France took hard stands and suffered significant losses, and eventually when power was passed to more moderate leaders in each state, the two countries tried to cooperate.


 * Locarno Pact, “spirit of Locarno”**:


 * Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928**: signed by 15 countries. used to "renounce war as an instrument of national policy." It aimed to settle disputes peacefully


 * Keynesian economics**: A belief that government should take control of the private sector more during a recession to eliminate the unpredictability of free trade.