Imperialism


 * “Old Imperialism”-** Countries conquered sea ports and trade routes to control trade, as opposed to taking all of the land and putting up their flags and claiming the territory. Not under direct control, governments kept in place, but controlled economy.


 * “New Imperialism”-** extend the power of a nation by gaining indirect control over the political and economic life of other areas; planting flag; further inland and more direct control than old, Conquered lands and physically took over territories.

**DR. David Livingston**- The first white man to do humanitarian and religious work in south and central Africa

 * H.M Stanley-** found Livingston and his newspaper reports created European interest in Africa, sought aid of king of Belgium (Leopold II) to dominate the Congo region. He established trading stations, planted flags, and forced the natives to sign "treaties."


 * Social Darwinism (how it fits in this chapter)-** Social Darwinism can be applied to imperialism in the thought that, since Darwin focused on the stronger being more fit to lead, and more prone to take control, that it would eventually shake out that way, the stronger countries would eventually take control of the smaller countries around it. This fits also fits in because we see the major powers creating political empires during this time (Britain, France, German, etc.). It also fits into Cecil Rhodes ideology of the British being the purest race therefore they should control as much land as possible for the good of the human race. This also coincides with the concept of the "white man's burden," in that the stronger countries taking over the weaker countries was in the natural order of things, and something Europeans not only had a right, but a duty to do.


 * “White Man’s Burden”-** it was the European people's mission to "civilize" primitive, nonwhite peoples in order to give them a better life. Some Europeans believed they had the duty to "civilize" those in other cultures, and the burden to do so


 * Rudyard Kipling-** writer and poet who coined the phrase "White Man's Burden." He believed that the Europeans were/it was their duty to "unselfishly serve" the natives in distant lands, by helping them become more westernized.


 * “Scramble for Africa”**-A period between 1880 and 1900, where European powers, raced/ "scrambled" to claim pieces of the African continent for themselves. It differed greatly from European occupation in Africa prior to the 1880, with only the British in the south, and the French in the north with scattered ports on the coast of Africa. When all was said and done, all of Africa belonged to different European powers, except for Ethiopia, and Liberia, who remained independent.


 * Belgian Congo**- area occupied by Belgium in the Congo Basin. It was gained when Leopold II sent Henry Stanley there to establish trade stations and sign treaties with the native people. The significance of this territory is that it sparked the real scramble for Africa.


 * Leopold II** - Leader of Belgium, and also an energetic expansionist, he realized that although Belgium couldn't expand in Europe, it could seize the opportunity to expand through overseas colonies. He sent H.M. Stanley into central Africa to claim land and plant the Belgian flag.


 * Egypt, protectorate**- 1883, Britain declared Egypt a protectorate after using their army to suppress the anti-European riots in Alexandria and the activity of the Egyptian Nationalist Party. This was designed to protect the British interests in the Suez Canal. This also lead to a bloody conquest of the Sudan and guaranteed the growing navies safe havens and dependable coaling stations.


 * Berlin Conference 1884-1885** - The conference called in response to Leopold II's sudden seizure of the Congo Basin. It laid the ground rules for the scramble for Africa, and those rules were that: Claiming territory rested on if the country had "effective occupation" in the region, which meant they had to be actively occupying it, and protecting it with troops. Also it forced countries to try and stop the slave trade. It also coincided greatly with Bismarck, and Germany's new power.


 * Battle of Omdurman**- This battle happened as General Horatio H. Kitchener and his men made their way up the Nile River. They were intercepted by Muslim tribesmen, but through the use of the Maxim Machine Gun, the british annihilated the tribesmen.


 * Fashoda Incident** - Continuing their conquest up the Nile, British armies came across a small French force that had already claimed the village of Fashoda. The dispute over the Nile became a huge diplomatic crisis, and it was France, unwilling to fight, that backed down.


 * Cecil Rhodes** - led group of British and established protectorates over Bechaunaland and Rhodesia; developed gold mines here; conquered Dutch out of cape colony in the South African war; wanted to strengthen the British empire by bringing entire world under British control - do this intellectually, not military. Wrote "A Declaration of Faith", which praised imperialism. Prime Minister of Cape Colony.


 * Cape Colony**- Colony of South Africa under Boer control.


 * Boer War** - War between Dutch and British forces. The Dutch had originally controlled most land of southern Africa, but after wars with Napoleon, the British controlled the Cape Colony. After being forced north, the Dutch decided to turn around and defend their original lands from the British.


 * Opium Wars**- Due to China's refusal to trade with western powers, Britain began to grow the drug Opium in India, and then sell it in China. Fully aware of the drug trade, the Qing government sent Lin Zexu to deal with the British opium merchants. Lin destroyed British opium, which caused a harsh reaction by the British Government, who also wanted free trade with China. Britain used troops stationed in India to quickly seize many Chinese port cities, and to force China to sign the treaty of Nanking, which required $100 million, the island of Hong Kong, and unlimited, low-tariff trade.


 * Treaty of Nanking** -Between Britain and China; Britain received the island of Hong Kong which remained in their possession until 2000; China was forced to open 4 large cities for trade and pay $100 million; gave Britain power over economy and commerce


 * “spheres of influence” ** - A term used to describe imperial control of a country by another country without actual annexation. For example, Britain did not annex China, but because of the control Britain held over China's economy China existed within Britain's sphere of influence. The european countries wanted to share their culture with the african and asian nations.


 * British East India Company** - A trading company that entered India in the 17th century. They eventually gave England strong control over India.


 * Boxer Rebellion**- A reaction to the hatred of foreigners in China. Anti-foreign rebels called "boxers" led many revolts and attacks on foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians. The boxers especially hated foreign missionaries, who they believed to be undermining Chinese culture. This rebellion was eventually put down when western countries sent in massive armies to occupy Beijing.


 * Russo-Japanese War**- A war between the Russians and the Japanese over territory. The Russians realized that they had to modernize after being defeated in this war, because all non-European countries were seen as primitive.


 * J.A. Hobson**- A british writer who was one of the early critics of imperialism. He thought that imperialism was only profitable to the small group of rich people who invested in colonies, and that it turned attention away from domestic affairs. Many of the Russian commoners were embarrassed by this loss and in addition to many other factors started the revoltution of 1905.