Age+of+Nationalism

=== **Red Shirts- Garibaldis private army was called the Red Shirts. The 1,000 man army liberated the island of Sicily through guerrilla warfare, defeated a Sicillian army of over 20,000, and won the hearts and spirits of the people.** ===

===**Zollverein - factor in the Austria-Prussia rivalry, it was an economic confederation between the German states allowing free trade. Mostly controlled by Prussia, Bismark attempted to remove Austria from it completely**===

**zemstvo- the l**
ocal assemblies established in 1864 in Russia elected by a three-class system of towns, peasant villages, and noble landowners. They dealt with local problems, buy had little real influence.

=== **Bloody Sunday- Russian workers and families went to the tsar peacefully with a petition but the troops opened fire and killed a bunch of people. The event disillusioned the Russian peasantry, who had previously believed the tsar to be on their side. It paved the way for the October Manifesto** ===

====** Dreyfus Affair- ** a case in France, in which a jewish captain ( Alfred Dreyfus) was falsely accused of Treason. While Catholics sided with anti-semites against Dreyfus, libertarians and radical republicans claimed he was innocent. When he was declared innocent, France officially broke from the Catholic church, finalizing the separation of church and state. ====

===** People’s Budget - an increase in spending on social welfare services enacted by Great Britain. By increasing the budget on social welfare, the British government was able to appease the socialist working class. **===

**revisionism -**
An effort by socialists to update Marxian doctrines to reflect the realities of the time.

===** revolution of 1905 ** - Russian revolution for a constitutional monarchy. This was caused by the military failure in the far east and the general poverty of Russian citizens. This revolution led the tsar to pass the October Manifesto which establish the Duma, a Parliment, and full civil rights for citizens. ===

=== **Crimean War- Originating from a dispute between France and Russia over religious artifacts, the humiliating defeat of the Russian army shook the nation. Russia began to understand how truly underdeveloped they were, and a series of peasant revolts led to new reforms.** ===

**Second French Empire -**  Emperor Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon, encouraged public works, investment banks, railroads, and economic progress in France.

===__**King Victor Emmanuel** -__ He was Sardinia's new, progressive monarch. His representative/adviser was Cavour, and they enacted a liberal constitution which brought in people who wanted more power buy a strong government as well. He was also trying to take over and unify Italy at this time.===

===**Count Cavour**.- Victor Emmanuel's representative who wanted to unite Italy by bringing them into the kingdom of Sardinia. His major goal was to unite states in northern and central Italy. He pushed through many reforms in the 1850s in order to consolidate Sardinia. He created a liberal constitutional state with increased highways, railroads, and civil liberties.===

===**Giuseppe Garibaldi- He was a super patriot who liberated the kingdom of two Sicilies. He thought all of Italy should be united. When he tried to take over Rome, Cavour stops him because Cavour doesn't want a war with any major powers. The "Red Shirts" were part of his army who used guerrilla warfare.**===

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 * Otto von Bismarck-** took office as chief minister in 1862, and was a brilliant politician. "Two Irons in the Fire", "Blood and Iron" (two famous quotes of his). Used his political genius to aid in German state building.=====

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“**blood a****nd iron”** - a quote by Otto von Bismark that basically implied that, problems and issues of the day cannot be resolved by speeches or by any peaceful matter, that every thing must be solved and confronted in a violent way, such as war, or with "blood and iron".=====

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 * Austro-Prussian War, 1866-** The war waged against Austria by Prussia in order to remove Austria from the German Confederation. Prussia (Bismarck) destroyed Austria in the seven week war, but let Austria off very easy in the treaty, paying no reparations, and losing no territory. This is because he was planning ahead for his take over of Southern Germany during the Franco-Prussian War, by neutralizing Austria. This treaty is a perfect example of his "two irons in the fire" quote.=====

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 * Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71-** The war against France, waged by Prussia in order to push the southern German states into the hands of Prussia. Bismarck's plan worked perfectly as Prussia, and southern Germany became united to become one, large, German Empire. France was forced to accept the very harsh terms of the Peace Treaty.=====